Background of the study
The market environment in which ports operate has undergone tremendous transformation in recent years, particularly as a result of the growth of vertical and horizontal integration within the international marine transport chain. This development has been driven in particular by shipping corporations, which has led to a rise in the market strength of big shipping businesses in comparison to other service providers, such as port authorities. The authorities in charge of port operations have come to the conclusion that enhancing their competitiveness is essential if they wish to increase their share of the market and that the rate at which they process containers and the amount of time it takes for vessels to complete their turnarounds are important factors in this regard. In addition, a number of port authorities and port operators believe that an increase in the private sector's engagement in the ownership and management of container ports (terminals) may assist port authorities in improving the effectiveness of their operations (Aigner, 2021. As a result, port privatization has emerged as one of the most prominent trends in the global port business at the present time.
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